List of taxa in the genus Turbinicarpus

Where species have previously been placed in other genera, the genus that is most commonly encountered is displayed after the species name, using the following key:

• [Gym] - Gymnocactus (including Rapicactus)
• [Nor] - Normanbokea
• [Pel] - Pelecyphora

The species can also be found listed, in some of the older literature, under the following genera: Strombocactus, Thelocactus, Neolloydia and Toumeya. If you have difficulty locating information on any species, please Email me or use the comments form.

If you see any names that are missing then please, Let Me Know.

• Help with locating plant names.
• List of taxa in the genus Turbinicarpus.
• List of sources used to compile this list.
• What does it all mean ?
• Abbreviations used in these documents.
• The format of the references.
• Einfach Deutsch Zeichenerklärung.
• Tecla simple en Español.

Help with locating plant names.

If you have tried searching in this list and cannot locate a particular name, there are a few things that you can try:

1. Plants we buy from plant and seed catalogues quite frequently have their names misspelled. So try looking for names that are a close match.
2. These catalogues also frequently sell plants as species when they are really only varieties or forms. So try using your web browsers "Find" feature.
   • Internet Explorer - From the "Edit" menu.
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   • Lynx - Use "/" from the keyboard.
3. If you still cannot locate a name then please feel free to use the comments form or email me. Please give me some details of what the plant looks like to make things easier.

List of taxa in the genus Turbinicarpus.

When available the names of published taxa link directly to their description in English and non English citations link to the original language description. For a list of the available descriptions check the descriptions section.

A

alonsoi Glass and Arias

KuaS, 47(2): 25-27, 1996

aguirreanus [Gym]

Note: Transferred to Escobaria, however Charles Glass has, in 1998, transferred it to his newly raised genus Acharagma

B

beguinii

Note: Synonym of mandragora ssp. beguinii

beguinii ssp. laurae nom. prov.

See "Turbinicarpus - Rapicactus, 221, 2005"
Note: This is a form of begunii from San Lusi Potosi.

beguinii var. smithii (Muehlenpfordt) Backeberg

Algemein. Gartenz. 14: 370-371, 1846
Die Cactaceae 5: 2855, 1961

beguinii "var." senilis

Note: Rowley (Rep. Pl. Succ. 23: 8, 1972) considers this to be a long spined cultivar and is treated as a synonym of mandragora ssp. beguinii by Jonas M. Lüthy.

beguinii ssp. senilis var. francii n.n.

beguinii "Canyon Verde"

Note: Provisional name for mandragora ssp. pailanus

beguinii "Sierra de la Paila"

Note: Provisional name for mandragora ssp. pailanus

bonatzii

Note: Synonym of schmiedickeanus ssp. bonatzii

booleanus

Note: Synonym of mandragora ssp. booleanus

C

caespititius

Note: (As Echinocactus) Synonym of horripilus

canescens nom. prov.

See "Turbinicarpus - Rapicactus, 217, 2005"
Note: This is a form of Rapicactus from Nuevo Leon.

cirrhiferus n.n.

Note: Provisional name used for pseudomacrochele var. sphacellatus and pseudomacrochele ssp. krainzianus It was also used for a lost member of the krainzianus complex originating from Schmoll.

criniferus n.n.

Note: Misspelling of cirrhiferus ?

D

dickisoniae (Glass and Foster) Glass and Hofer

CSJ(Am) 54(2): 74, 1982
Threatened cacti of México, 1998
Note: Paolino Panarotto considers this to be a form of of schmiedickeanus ssp. gracilis

donati nom. prov.

See "Turbinicarpus - Rapicactus, 219, 2005"
Note: This is a form of Rapicactus from San Luis Potosi.

x dubniorum J.J. Halda, Kracík & Malina

Acta. Musei Richnov., Sect Nat., 2002(9)1: 75
Note: This is a cultivated hybrid between alonsoi and pseudomacrochele ssp. krainzianus

E

ellisae J.J. Halda, P. Kupcák & P. Panarotto

Acta. Musei Richn., Sect Nat., 2002(9)1: 76-77
Note: This is schmiedickeanus ssp. rubriflorus raised to the species level and although P. Panarotto is listed as an author he had no input in this citation.

F

fimbriata

Note: Synonym of valdezianus

flaviflorus

Note: Synonym of schmiedickeanus ssp. flaviflorus

G

gautii

Note: This is Echinomastus gautii. See Bradleya 15: 77-83, 1997

gielsdorfianus (Werdermann) John and Riha [Gym]

Monats. Kakt. 215, 1929
Kaktusy 17(1): 15-18, 1981, 19(1):22, 1983

goldii

Note: (As Thelocactus) Synonym of horripilus

gracilis

Note: Synonym of schmiedickeanus ssp. gracilis

H

hoferi Lüthy and Lau

KuaS, 42(2 + 3): 34-37, 62-65, 1991

horripilus (Lemaire) John and Riha [Gym]

Cact. Aliq. Nov., 7, 1838
Kaktusy 17(1): 15-18, 1981, 19(1):22, 1983

horripilus ssp. kvetae J. Chvastek and J.J. Halda

Acta Musei Richnoviensis Sect. natur., 7(1): 35-36, 2000
Note: Almost certainly a synonym of horripilus ssp. wrobelianus

horripilus ssp. wrobelianus Nitzschke and Anaya Montes [Gym]

Succulenta, 79(2): 92, 2000

horripilus var. albispinus n.n.

Note: Synonym of horripilus ssp. wrobelianus

horripilus var. longispinus

Note: Synonym of horripilus

horripilus var. robustior n.n.

Note: A form from Milpa Grande

J

jauernigii

Note: Battaia and Zanovello, in Piante Grasse, 15(3): 81, 1995, have reduced this taxa to a variety of lophophoroides. This relationship seems questionable in my view.

K

klinkerianus

Note: Synonym of schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus

klinkerianus ssp. hiemalis nom. prov.

See "Turbinicarpus - Rapicactus, 226, 2005"
Note: This is a form of klinkerianus from San Luis Potosi.

klinkerianus ssp. planiziel nom. prov.

See "Turbinicarpus - Rapicactus, 228, 2005"
Note: This is a form of klinkerianus from San Luis Potosi.

knuthianus (Bödecker) John and Riha [Gym]

Monats. Kakt. 139, 1930
Kaktusy 17(1): 15-18, 1981, 19(1):22, 1983

krainzianus

Note: Synonym of pseudomacrochele ssp. krainzianus

krainzianus var. minimus

Note: Synonym of pseudomacrochele ssp. krainzianus fa. minimus

krainzianus var. roseiflorus

Note: Synonym of pseudomacrochele var. sphacellatus

x kubesi J.J. Halda and P. Kupcák

Acta Musei Richnoviensis Sect. natur., 7(2): 76, 2000
Note: Artificial hybrid between pseudomacrochele ssp. krainzianus and pseudomacrochele

L

laui Glass and Foster

CSJ(Am) 47(3): 116-119, 1975

lilinkeuiduus n.n.

Note: This is a form and misspelling of klinkerianus

longispinus nom. prov

Note: Provisional name for rioverdensis ssp. paoli

lophophoroides (Werdermann) Buxbaum and Backeberg

Kakteenkunde, 9:176, 1934
Jahrb. Deutsch. Kakt. Ges. 1937:27, 1937

lophophoroides var. jauernigii (Frank) Battaia and Zanovello

Succulenta, 72(3): 113-115, 1993
Piante Grasse, 15(3): 81, 1995

M

macrochele (Werdermann) Buxbaum and Backeberg

Notizbl. Bot. Gart. u. Mus., Berlin-Dahlem 11(104): 270, 1931
Cactaceae, Jahrb. Deutsche Kakt.- Ges. 1:27, 1937

macrochele ssp. frailensis P. Lechner and Jantschgi

Turbi-Now, 5:14, 1998

macrochele ssp. kupcakii J.J. Halda and Horácek

Acta Musei Richnoviensis Sect. natur., 7(2): 76, 2000, as "kupcaki"
Note: This would appear to be nothing more than an unneeded redescription of the type ?

macrochele ssp. macrochele var. polaskii P. Lechner and Jantschgi

Die Cactaceae 5, 2883-84, 1961 (nomen invalidium ICBN Art 37.1)
Turbi-Now, 5:14, 1998

macrochele ssp. valteri nom. prov.

See "Turbinicarpus - Rapicactus, 223, 2005"
Note: This is a form of macrochele from San Luis Potosi.

macrochele var. screvispinus n.n. ???

macrochele fa. rubriflorus n.n.

Note: Synonym of schmiedickeanus ssp. rubriflorus

macrochele "Abbey Garden"

Note: A form of macrochele ssp. frailensis

macrochele "Los Laureles"

Note: This is a locality form of macrochele ssp. frailensis with curved yellow spines.

macrochele "Querrero"

Note: This is a locality form of macrochele ssp. frailensis.

mandragora (Fric ex Berger) Zimmerman [Gym]

Kakteen, 255, 1929
Bradleya 9:92, 1991
Note: This plant has recently been transfered to its own genus, Lodia, in Bradleya 18:41-44, 2000. I follow Lüthy and include it in Turbinicarpus.

mandragora ssp. beguinii (Weber) J. Lüthy [Gym]

Schumann, Gesmtb, Kakteen, 442, 1898
KuaS 50(11):279, 1999

(beguinii ssp. hintoniorum) A. Hofer [Gym]

Succulentes 23(3):21-23, 2000
Note: Treated as a synonym of mandragora ssp. beguinii by Jonas M. Lüthy.

mandragora ssp. booleanus (Hinton) J. Lüthy [Gym]

Phytolgia 80(1): 62-66, 1996
KuaS 50(11):279, 1999

mandragora ssp. pailanus (Halda & Panarotto) J. Lüthy [Gym]

Acta Musei Richnoviensis Sect. natur., 5:162, 1998
KuaS 50(11):279, 1999

mandragora ssp. subterraneus (Backeberg) J. Lüthy [Gym]

Kakteenfreund 1:110-111, 1932
KuaS 50(11):279, 1999

mandragora ssp. zaragozae (Glass and Foster) J. Lüthy [Gym]

CSJ(Am) 50(6): 283, 1978
KuaS 50(11):279, 1999

x mombergeri Riha

Kaktusy 32(2): 54-58, 1996
Note: This plant is a naturally occurring hybrid between laui and pseudopectinatus

N

nieblae García-Morales, Martínez-Ávalos et Bergmann

Turbi-Now 17:42-51, 2004 & 18:14 2005

P

pailanus

Note: Synonym of mandragora ssp. pailanus

panarottoi

Note: Synonym of schmiedickeanus ssp. andersonii

Pelecyphora spec. nov. mit Mitteldorn.

Note: Catalog name for mombergeri

plumosa

Note: (As Pelecyphora) Synonym of valdezianus

polaskii

Note: Synonym of macrochele ssp. macrochele var. polaskii

preemii

Note: Misspelling of preenii

preenii n.n.

Note: Provisional name for saueri ssp. nelissae.

pseudomacrochele (Backeberg) Buxbaum and Backeberg

Blätt. f. kakteenforschg. 1935-6
Jahrb. Deutsch. Kakt. Ges. 1937:27, 1937

pseudomacrochele var. albiflorus n.n

Note: Provisional name for pseudomacrochele var. alenae

pseudomacrochele var. alenae J.J. Halda & P. Kupcák

Acta. Musei Richn., Sect., Nat. 2002(9)1:79-80
Note: This is the long awaited description of the whitish flowered form

pseudomacrochele ssp. krainzianus (Frank) Glass

KuaS, 11(11): 168-170, 1960
Threatened cacti of México, 1998

pseudomacrochele ssp. krainzianus fa. lausseri (Diers and Frank) Panarotto

KuaS, 42(5): 106-109, 1991
Piante Grasse 18(3): 120, 1998

pseudomacrochele ssp. lausseri

Note: Synonym of pseudomacrochele ssp. krainzianus fa. lausseri

pseudomacrochele ssp. krainzianus fa. minimus (Frank) J. Lüthy & Hofer

Succulenta, 68(2): 40-41, 1989
KuaS 50(11):280, 1999 (As krainzianus ssp. minimus)

pseudomacrochele var. sphacellatus Diers and Frank

KuaS, 44(8): 158-161, 1993 (nomen invalidium ICBN Art 37.3)
Note: Paolino Panarotto considers this to be a synonym of pseudomacrochele ssp. krainzianus fa. lausseri

pseudomacrochele "Abbey Garden"

Note: Form of macrochele ssp. frailensis

pseudopectinatus (Backeberg) Glass and Foster [Pel]

Kakteenkunde, 5:98, 1935
CSJ(Am) 49(4): 175-176, 1977

pseudopectinatus ssp. jarmilae J. Chvastek and J.J. Halda [Pel]

Acta Musei Richnoviensis Sect. natur., 7(1): 39, 2000
Note: This is the now valid name for the well known pseudopectinatus var. rubriflorus

pseudopectinatus var. rubriflorus n.n. [Pel]

Note: See "Eine rotbluhende Form von Pelecyphora pseudopectinata Backeberg" by W. Bruegel in KuaS 29(7): 157, 1978.

pseudopectinatus cv. "Barbora"

Note: This cultivar lacks the usual pectinate spines.
See "Eine Dornenlos Form von Pelecyphora pseudopectinata" by A. Lux and R. Stanik in KuaS 32(11): 256-257, 1981.

pulcherrima n.n.

Note: Provisional name for mombergeri
See Sabatini in Piante Grasse 11(1):26, 1991.

x pulcherrima n.n.

Note: Naturally occurring hybrid between schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus and pseudopectinatus ?

R

roseanus [Gym]

Note: Transferred to Escobaria, however Charles Glass has, in 1998, listed it as belonging to his new genus Acharagma

roseiflorus (Backeberg) Frank

Descr. Cact. Nov. III:15, 1963 (nomen invalidium ICBN Art 37.1)
Succulenta 72(1):42, 1993
Note: Most plants found in cultivation under this name would appear to be of hybrid origin. The true "St. Pie" plants still exist in a few European collections.

roseiflorus var. albiflorus n.n.

Note: This is a white flowered form of the roseiflorus hybrid.

rioverdensis

Note: Synonym of schmiedickeanus ssp. rioverdensis

S

saueri (Bödecker) John and Riha [Gym]

Zeit. Sukk. 16: 362, 1928
Kaktusy 17(1): 15-18, 1981, 19(1):22, 1983

saueri ssp. gonzalezii Pavlicek & Zatloukal [Gym]

Kaktusy 41(1): 3-9, 2005

saueri ssp. linarescense nom. prov.

Note: Synonym of saueri ssp. gonzalezii

saueri ssp. nelissae Halda and Panarotto [Gym]

Acta Musei Richnoviensis Sect. natur., 5:161, 1998
Note: Clarke Brunt has some photos on his Mexican home page

saueri ssp. septentrionalis G.F, Matuszewski & J. Šnicer [Gym]

Kaktusy 40(3): 85-92, 2004

saueri ssp. verduzcoi Zacher & Lux [Gym]

The Genus Turbinicarpus, 25, 2004

saueri ssp. ysabelae (Schlange) J. Lüthy [Gym]

CSJ(Am) 5(10): 551, 1934
KuaS 50(11):279, 1999

schmiedickeanus (Bödecker) Buxbaum and Backeberg

Z. f. Sukkulentenkunde 229-230, 1928
Jahrb. Deutsch. Kakt. Ges. 1937:27, 1937

schmiedickeanus ssp. andersonii Mosco

Kaktusy, 32(1): 25-27, 1996 (nomen invalidium)
CCI, 7: 18, 1999
Note: This taxon has been long known under the name schmiedickeanus var. panarottoi

schmiedickeanus ssp. bonatzii (Frank) Panarotto

Succulenta 71(6): 279-281, 1992
Piante Grasse 18(3):120, 1998

schmiedickeanus ssp. flaviflorus (Frank and Lau) Glass

KuaS, 30(1): 6-7, 1979
Threatened cacti of México, 1998

schmiedickeanus ssp. gracilis (Glass and Foster) Glass

CSJ(Am) 48(4): 176-177, 1976
Threatened cacti of México, 1998

schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus (Backeberg and Jacobson) N.P. Taylor

J. SKG. Sukkulentenkunde II., 27-28, 1948
CCI #5, 14, 1998

schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus fa. schwarzii (Shurly) Panarotto

CSJ(GB) 10(4): 93, 1948
Piante Grasse 18(3): 120, 1999

schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus fa. "La Royen"

schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus fa. "TU 16"

schmiedickeanus ssp. rioverdensis (Frank) J. Lüthy

Succulenta 71(2): 63-66, 1992
KuaS, 50(11): 280, 1999

(rioverdensis ssp. paoli) J.J. Halda and P. Kupcák

Acta Musei Richnoviensis Sect. natur., 2002

schmiedickeanus ssp. rubriflorus (Frank) Panarotto

Succulenta 72(2): 77-79, 1993
Piante Grasse 18(3): 120, 1999

schmiedickeanus var. dickisoniae

Note: Synonym of dickisoniae

schmiedickeanus var. klinkerianus fa. rubriflorus n.n.

Note: Synonym of schmiedickeanus ssp. andersonii

schmiedickeanus var. macrochele

Note: Synonym of macrochele

schmiedickeanus var. panarottoi

Note: Synonym of schmiedickeanus ssp. andersonii

schmiedickeanus var. polaskii

Note: Reduced to a variety of macrochele

schmiedickeanus var. schwarzii

Note: Synonym of schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus fa. schwarzii

schmiedickeanus fa. miquihuanensis n.n.

Note: A more squat form of schmiedickeanus.
T. schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus has also been distributed, erroneously, under this name.

aff. schmiedickeanus "Santa Rita"

Note: Appears to be close to schmiedickeanus ssp. andersonii, possibly an intermediate form between this taxa and schmiedickeanus.

schwarzii

Note: Synonym of schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus fa. schwarzii

schwarzii fa. rubriflorus

Note: Synonym of schmiedickeanus ssp. rubriflorus

sphacellatus

Note: Synonym of pseudomacrochele var. sphacellatus

subterraneus

Note: Synonym of mandragora ssp. subterraneus

subterraneus var. zaragozae

Note: Synonym of mandragora ssp. zaragozae

swobodae Diers

KuaS, 38(4): 86-91, 1987

V

valdezianus (Möller) Glass and Foster [Nor]

Deutsche Gärtner Zeitung, 45: 179, 180, 207, 1930
CSJ(Am) 49(4): 174-175, 1977

valdezianus var. albiflorus (Pazout) Glass and Foster [Nor]

Kaktusy, Práce, 129-130, 1., 1960
CSJ(Am) 49(4): 174-175, 1977

viereckii (Werdermann) John and Riha [Gym]

Monatsschrift der DKG 3:175, 1931
Kaktusy 17(1): 15-18, 1981, 19(1):22, 1983

viereckii ssp. major (Glass and Foster) Glass [Gym]

CSJ(Am) 50(6): 285, 1978
Threatened cacti of México, 1998

viereckii ssp. neglectus Donati & Zanovello [Gym]

Turbinicarpus - Rapicactus, 184, 2005
Note: This is the name given to the long known form seen as "T. viereckii L 1159".

Y

ysabelae

Note: Synonym of saueri ssp. ysabelae

ysabelae var. brevispina

Note: Synonym of saueri ssp. ysabelae

Z

zaragozae

Note: Synonym of mandragora ssp. zaragozae

Sp.

sp. Barbechos

Note: A form of knuthianus

sp. Durazno

Note: Synonym of pseudomacrochele ssp. krainzianus originating from CANTE.

sp. East Huizache

Note: This is probably a form of schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus.

sp. El Fraile

Note: Synonym of macrochele ssp. frailensis

sp. El Huizache

Note: This is a slightly larger form of schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus with longer spines.

sp. nov. Knize

Note: A form of Mammillaria gracilis

sp. Kohres

Note: Could this be the "Guadalcazar" form of schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus fa. schwarzii ?

sp. Linares

Note: Synonym of saueri ssp. gonzalezii

sp. Los Laures

Note: Misspelling of Los Laureles

sp. Matehuala

Note: This is probably a form of macrochele.

sp. Microondas

Note: This is a form of schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus.

sp. Miquihuana

Note: See schmiedickeanus fa. miquihuanensis.

sp. Negrita

Note: This is a form of schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus.

sp. Pachystele

Note: This is a form of schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus.

sp. Rio II (fa. lophophoroides) ???

sp. Rio Verde (sp. Rio III)

Note: A form of lophophoroides. G. Frank states that there are "clear differences" between this taxon and rioverdensis

sp. TU 16

Note: This is a form of schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus.

sp. TU 17 ???

sp. TUa

Note: A form of schmiedickeanus ssp. klinkerianus fa. schwarzii with pinkish flowers and darker mid-stripe

List of sources used to compile this list.

Many sources have been consulted to compile this list, so I cannot claim much credit, apart from bringing all the names together in one lump.

1. Rod Turbinicarpus by M. Zachar, R. Staník, A. Lux and I. Dráb.
2. Turbi-Now by Peter Lechner etc.
3. Cactus and Succulent Journal(US)
4. Die Cactaceae - Band 5 by Curt Backeberg.
5. A revision of the genus Neolloydia by E. F. Anderson.
6. Guide to the identification of threatened cacti of México by Charles E. Glass.
7. Cactus Lexicon by Curt Backeberg.
8. "Some new Turbinicarpi" by Chris Holland, BCSJ, 14(3): 107-110, 1996.
9. "Neolloydia... Who?" by Andy T. Powell, BCSJ, 13(4): 152-158, 1995.
10. Einige neue Kakteen-Namen by Jonas M. Lüthy, KuaS, 50(11), 277-280, 1999.
11. Acta Musei Richnoviensis Sect. natur
12. and many other books/journals/plant lists etc.

What does it all mean ?

All the entries in these list will have a format similar to the following:

schmiedickeanus (Bödecker) Buxbaum and Backeberg

Z. f. Sukkulentenkunde 1927-28, 229
Jahrb. Deutsch. Kakt. Ges. 1937:27, 1937

The first line contains the plants name and "n.n.", if the taxon has not been described, or the author names, if it has. The next line/lines will contain the details of where the name was described. I have only listed the original and last description details, to try and keep the document down to a reasonable size.

Some names will also have a note giving information if the name is a synonym, if the plant has been combined into a different taxon, etc.

Abbreviations used in these pages

To try to keep these documents down to a reasonable size, I have used some abbreviations for many of the first description and combination sources. These are listed below:

• CCI -- Cactaceae Consensus Initiatives
• Cact. Aliq. Nov. -- Cactearum aliquot novarum...
• KuaS -- Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten
• CSJ(Am) -- Cactus and Succulent Journal of America
• Blätt. f. Kakteenforschg. -- Blätter für Kakteenforshung
• J. SKG. Sukkulentenkunde -- Jahrbuch der SKG, Sukkulentenkunde
• Jahrb. Deutsch. Kakt. Ges. -- Jahrbuch Deutsche Kakteengesellschaft
• CSJ(GB) -- Cactus and Succulent Journal of Great Briton
• Z. f. Sukkulentenkunde -- Zeitscrift für Sukkulentenkunde
• Notizbl. Bot. Gart. u. Mus. -- Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums
• Descr. Cact. Nov. -- Descriptiones Cactacearum Novarum
• Monats. Kakt. -- Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde
• Acta. Mus. Richnov. Sect. natur -- Acta Musei Richnoviensis Sect. natur.

The format of the references

The entries for the first description and combination sources are listed in different formats, depending on the format of the book, journal etc. An entry like:

means that the information can be found in Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten volume 30 part 1 on pages 6-7 and volume 30 was published in 1979.

Einfach Deutsch Zeichenerklärung

Many thanks to Ulrich Creutzburg for helping me with these translations. Any advice on making these documents easier to use for different native language speakers, will be gratefully received.

• Misspelling of ... = Schreibfehler von ...
• Note: = Anmerkung:
• Synonym of ... or ... = Synonym von ... oder ...
• Transferred to a Form/Variety of ... = Umkombiniert zu ...

Tecla simple en Español

Many thanks to Rafael Alvarez for helping me with these translations. Any advice on making these documents easier to use for different native language speakers, will be gratefully received.

• Misspelling of ... = Mal deletreo de ...
• Note: = Nota:
• Synonym of ... or ... = Sinónimo de ... o ...
• Transferred to a Form/Variety of ... = Transferido a ...

---

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